Butterfly Spread Options Strategy: Complete Guide
Master the butterfly spread to profit from low volatility and precise price predictions with defined risk. Learn when to deploy butterflies, how to construct them, and the professional management techniques for this elegant limited-risk strategy.
What is a Butterfly Spread?
A butterfly spread is a limited-risk, limited-reward options strategy that profits when a stock stays near a specific price. It combines a bull spread and a bear spread at three different strike prices, creating a position with defined maximum profit and loss.
Basic Butterfly Construction
Long Call Butterfly:
- Buy 1 lower strike call (ITM or ATM)
- Sell 2 middle strike calls (ATM or slightly OTM)
- Buy 1 higher strike call (OTM)
- Net Debit Trade (you pay premium)
Long Put Butterfly:
- Buy 1 higher strike put
- Sell 2 middle strike puts
- Buy 1 lower strike put
- Net Debit Trade (you pay premium)
Strike Spacing: All strikes equally spaced (e.g., $95/$100/$105 or $45/$50/$55)
How Butterflies Make Money
Butterflies profit from two key factors:
- Stock Staying Near Middle Strike: Maximum profit when stock closes exactly at the middle strike at expiration
- Volatility Contraction: Selling two middle strikes captures premium that decays as IV drops
- Time Decay: The sold middle strikes decay faster than the bought wings (net positive theta near middle strike)
Maximum Profit
Formula: Wing Width - Net Debit
Occurs When: Stock = Middle Strike at expiration
Example: $95/$100/$105 butterfly for $1.50 debit
Max Profit: $5.00 - $1.50 = $3.50 per contract ($350)
Maximum Loss
Formula: Net Debit Paid
Occurs When: Stock below lower strike OR above upper strike
Example: Same $95/$100/$105 butterfly for $1.50 debit
Max Loss: $1.50 per contract ($150)
Breakeven Points
Butterflies have two breakeven points:
Breakeven Calculation
- Lower Breakeven: Lower Strike + Net Debit
- Upper Breakeven: Upper Strike - Net Debit
Example: $95/$100/$105 butterfly for $1.50
- Lower Breakeven: $95 + $1.50 = $96.50
- Upper Breakeven: $105 - $1.50 = $103.50
- Profit Zone: Stock between $96.50 - $103.50 at expiration
- Max Profit: Stock exactly at $100
When to Use Butterfly Spreads
Ideal Market Conditions
Perfect Butterfly Setup
- Low Volatility Expectation: Stock will stay in tight range
- Elevated IV: IV rank above 50th percentile (makes short strikes valuable)
- Post-Catalyst: After earnings or events when uncertainty resolved
- Support/Resistance Levels: Stock near strong technical level likely to hold
- Time Frame: 20-45 days to expiration for optimal theta decay
Real Example: SPY Iron Butterfly
Trade Setup
Date: March 15, 2024
SPY Price: $520.00
Implied Volatility: 18% (65th percentile - moderately elevated)
Market Outlook: Expect consolidation after recent rally, resistance at $520
Position Construction (Call Butterfly):
- Buy 1 April 12 $515 Call @ $8.50
- Sell 2 April 12 $520 Calls @ $5.20 each (collect $10.40 total)
- Buy 1 April 12 $525 Call @ $2.60
- Net Debit: $8.50 + $2.60 - $10.40 = $0.70 per butterfly
- Wing Width: $5.00
- Days to Expiration: 28 DTE
Risk/Reward Analysis:
- Maximum Profit: $5.00 - $0.70 = $4.30 per share ($430 per butterfly)
- Maximum Loss: $0.70 per share ($70 per butterfly)
- Reward:Risk Ratio: 6.1:1
- Lower Breakeven: $515 + $0.70 = $515.70
- Upper Breakeven: $525 - $0.70 = $524.30
- Profit Zone: SPY between $515.70 - $524.30 (1.6% range)
Greeks Profile:
- Delta: ~0 (neutral at middle strike)
- Theta: +$8/day near middle strike (time decay works for you)
- Vega: -$12 (profits from IV decline)
- Gamma: -0.05 near middle strike (slightly short gamma)
Actual Outcome:
- March 15-25: SPY consolidated between $517-$522
- April 8: SPY trading at $519.50, IV dropped to 14%
- Butterfly value: $3.80 (up from $0.70 entry)
- Closed position 4 days early at $3.80
- Profit: $3.80 - $0.70 = $3.10 per share = $310 per butterfly
- Return: 443% on capital at risk in 24 days
Why This Worked:
- SPY stayed in tight range near $520 (middle strike)
- IV contracted from 18% to 14% (vega profit)
- Time decay benefited position (positive theta)
- Exited 4 days early to avoid gamma risk and lock in 88% of max profit
Types of Butterfly Spreads
Long Call Butterfly vs Long Put Butterfly
| Factor | Long Call Butterfly | Long Put Butterfly |
|---|---|---|
| Construction | Buy lower call, sell 2 middle calls, buy upper call | Buy upper put, sell 2 middle puts, buy lower put |
| Max Profit | Same (at middle strike) | Same (at middle strike) |
| Max Loss | Same (net debit) | Same (net debit) |
| Cost Difference | Usually slightly cheaper | Usually slightly more expensive |
| Best When | Slightly bullish bias | Slightly bearish bias |
Iron Butterfly
An iron butterfly is a credit version combining put and call spreads:
Iron Butterfly Construction
- Sell 1 ATM call
- Sell 1 ATM put (same strike as call)
- Buy 1 OTM call (higher strike)
- Buy 1 OTM put (lower strike)
- Net Credit Trade (you receive premium)
Differences from Standard Butterfly:
- Receives credit instead of paying debit
- Maximum profit = Net credit received (stock at middle strike)
- Maximum loss = Wing width - Net credit
- Uses both puts and calls (4 contracts instead of 4 of same type)
- Higher margin requirements
Broken Wing Butterfly
A modified butterfly with uneven wing widths for directional bias:
Broken Wing Call Butterfly Example
Standard: Buy $95 call, Sell 2x $100 call, Buy $105 call
Broken Wing: Buy $95 call, Sell 2x $100 call, Buy $110 call
Advantages:
- Can enter for zero cost or small credit
- Wider profit zone on one side
- Directional bias (bullish in this example)
Disadvantages:
- Higher maximum loss on broken wing side
- Lower maximum profit than standard butterfly
- More complex to manage
Butterfly Spread Management
Entry Best Practices
Professional Entry Rules
- IV Requirement: Only enter when IV rank above 50th percentile
- Debit Limit: Never pay more than 25-30% of wing width
- Reward:Risk: Target minimum 3:1 reward-to-risk ratio
- Timing: Enter 20-45 DTE for optimal theta decay
- Strike Selection: Center middle strike where you expect stock to be at expiration
Exit Strategies
When to Exit Butterfly Spreads
- Profit Target: Close at 75-80% of max profit (risk no longer worth reward)
- Stop Loss: Exit if butterfly loses 100% of debit (max loss reached)
- Time Stop: Close 3-5 days before expiration to avoid pin risk
- Stock Breaks Out: Exit if stock moves beyond breakevens with >7 days left
- IV Expansion: Consider exiting if IV spikes unexpectedly (negative vega hurts)
Common Mistakes
Paying Too Much
Paying 40-50% of wing width for a butterfly leaves little profit potential. Only enter when you can pay 25-30% or less. If butterflies are expensive, wait for better conditions.
Holding Through Expiration
Pin risk at expiration can cause unexpected losses or assignments. Always close butterflies 3-5 days early once you've captured 75%+ of max profit.
Wrong Strike Selection
Centering the butterfly where you HOPE the stock goes instead of where it's LIKELY to go. Use technical analysis, support/resistance, and expected move calculations to select strikes.
Understanding Butterfly Greeks
| Greek | At Middle Strike | Away from Middle | Impact on Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delta | ~0 (neutral) | Slightly positive/negative | Minimal directional exposure at setup |
| Gamma | -Negative (short) | +Positive (long) | Bad if stock moves, good if it stays put |
| Theta | +Positive | +Positive (smaller) | Time decay helps position near middle strike |
| Vega | -Negative | -Negative (smaller) | Profits from IV contraction (volatility crush) |
Key Greek Insights
- Theta is Your Friend: Butterflies benefit from time decay when stock near middle strike
- Short Vega Position: Butterflies profit when IV drops - only enter in elevated IV
- Gamma Risk: Short gamma near middle means rapid losses if stock moves quickly
- Delta Neutral: Butterflies start with minimal directional bias (true neutral strategy)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a butterfly spread in options?
A butterfly spread combines bull and bear spreads with three strikes - buy lower, sell 2 middle, buy upper. It has limited profit (occurs when stock ends at middle strike) and limited risk (maximum loss is net debit paid). Butterflies profit from low volatility and stocks staying near a specific price.
When should you use a butterfly spread?
Use butterflies when you expect minimal stock movement near a specific price. Best when IV is elevated (makes short strikes valuable) and you expect volatility contraction. Ideal after events pass or during consolidation. The stock must stay very close to middle strike for max profit.
What is the maximum profit on a butterfly spread?
Maximum profit = Wing Width - Net Debit. For a $95/$100/$105 butterfly costing $1.50, max profit is $3.50 ($5 width - $1.50 cost). This occurs only when stock closes exactly at $100 (middle strike) at expiration. Profit zone is narrow.
What is the difference between a butterfly and an iron condor?
Butterflies use one option type with three strikes (debit trade, narrow profit zone). Iron condors combine puts and calls with four strikes (credit trade, wider profit zone). Butterflies are for pinpoint predictions; iron condors for range-bound expectations with more room for error.
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